Sarkin Kebbi Sama'ila achieved a string of successes against Gwandu between 18, with some severe setbacks, until the establishment of the Britishprotectorate of Northern Nigeria finally ended the fighting. In 1875 war broke out again when the people of Fanna in the lower Rima valley decided to transfer their allegiance to Gwandu. In 1867 the Fulani recognized the independence of Kebbi in a formal treaty. Kebbi now formed a hostile wedge between Sokoto and Gwandu, and sporadic warfare continued for the next fifty years.In 1859 Yakubu's brother and successor Yusufu Mainasara was killed in battle in the dried out floodplain of the Rima River.In 1860 the Emir of Gwandu, Haliru, was killed in battle at Karakara. After see-saw battles, including at one time a siege of Argungu by Sokoto forces, Sultan Aliyu of Sokoto effectively recognized the independence of the Kebbi Emirate based in Argungu. In 1849 Yukubu renounced his allegiance and proclaimed himself Sarkin Kebbi.
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